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 【向海龟草交作业】赛先生趣闻：科学史上著名公案 — 1962-69年的“聚合水事件” ZT |
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【向海龟草交作业】赛先生趣闻：科学史上著名公案 — 1962-69年的“聚合水事件” ZT -- XiamenTurtle - (2337 Byte) 2008-3-26 周三, 12:56 (1853 reads) |
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作者：海归草 在 海归茶馆 发贴, 来自【海归网】 http://www.haiguinet.com
Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM, simplified Chinese: 中医; traditional Chinese: 中醫; pinyin: zhōngyī) is considered a Complementary or Alternative Medical system in most of the world. It includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China that has developed over several thousand years. TCM practices include theories, diagnosis and treatments such as herbal medicine, acupuncture and massage; often Qigong is also strongly affiliated with TCM. TCM is a form of so-called Oriental medicine, which includes other traditional East Asian medical systems such as traditional Japanese and Korean medicine.
TCM theory asserts that processes of the human body are interrelated and in constant interaction with the environment. TCM practitioners believe signs of disharmony help them to understand, treat and prevent illness and disease.
In the West, traditional Chinese medicine is considered a form of complementary and alternative medicine.[1] TCM theory is based on a number of models including the theory of Yin-yang, the Five Phases, the human body Channel system, Zang Fu organ theory, and others. Diagnosis and treatment are conducted with reference to these concepts. TCM does not operate within the contemporary scientific paradigm, but some practitioners make efforts to bring practices into a biomedical framework. It has always been evidence-based medicine.
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Timeline
2 Theory
3 Model of the body
4 Diagnostics
4.1 Techniques
5 Treatment
6 Branches
7 Scientific view
7.1 Efficacy
7.2 Safety
8 Relationship with Western medicine
9 Animal products
10 Opposition
11 Modernization
12 See also
13 Footnotes
14 References
15 External links
15.1 Schools of Classical Chinese Medicine
15.2 Schools of Traditional Chinese Medicine
15.3 Online databases
[edit] History
Much of the philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine derived from the same philosophical bases that contributed to the development of Taoist philosophy, and reflects the classical Chinese belief that the life and activity of individual human beings have an intimate relationship with the environment at all scales.[2]
During the golden age of his reign from 2698 to 2596 B.C, as a result of a dialogue with his minister Ch'i Pai (岐伯), the Yellow Emperor is supposed by Chinese tradition to have composed his Neijing Suwen (內經 素問) or Basic Questions of Internal Medicine, also known as the Huangdi Neijing. Modern scholarly opinion holds that the extant text of this title was compiled by an anonymous scholar no earlier than the Han dynasty just over two-thousand years ago.
During the Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing (張仲景), the Hippocrates of China, who was mayor of Chang-sha toward the end of the 2nd century AD, wrote a Treatise on Cold Damage, which contains the earliest known reference to Neijing Suwen. The Jin dynasty practitioner and advocate of acupuncture and moxibustion, Huang-fu Mi (215 - 282 AD), also quoted the Yellow Emperor in his Jia Yi Jing (甲乙經), ca. 265 AD. During the Tang dynasty, Wang Ping claimed to have located a copy of the originals of the Neijing Suwen, which he expanded and edited substantially. This work was revisited by an imperial commission during the 11th century AD.
Classical Chinese Medicine (CCM) is notably different from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).[citation needed] The Nationalist government elected to abandon and outlaw the practice of CCM as it did not want China to be left behind by scientific progress.[citation needed] For 30 years, CCM was forbidden in China and several people were prosecuted by the government for engaging in CCM. In the 1960s, Mao Zedong finally decided that the government could not continue to outlaw the use of CCM.[citation needed] He commissioned the top 10 doctors (M.D.'s) to take a survey of CCM and create a standardized format for its application. This standardized form is now known as TCM.[citation needed]
Today, TCM is what is taught in nearly all those medical schools in China, most of Asia and Northern America, that teach traditional medical practices at all. To learn CCM typically one must be part of a family lineage of medicine. Recently, there has been a resurgence in interest in CCM in China, Europe and United States, as a specialty.[citation needed]
Contact with Western culture and medicine has not displaced TCM. While there may be traditional factors involved in the persistent practice, two reasons are most obvious in the westward spread of TCM in recent decades. Firstly, TCM practices are believed by many to be very effective, sometimes offering palliative efficacy where the best practices of Western medicine fail, especially for routine ailments such as flu and allergies, and managing to avoid the toxicity of some chemically composed medicines. Secondly, TCM provides the only care available to ill people, when they cannot afford to try the western option. On the other hand, there is, for example, no longer a distinct branch of Chinese physics or Chinese biology.[citation needed]
TCM formed part of the barefoot doctor program in the People's Republic of China, which extended public health into rural areas. It is also cheaper to the PRC government, because the cost of training a TCM practitioner and staffing a TCM hospital is considerably less than that of a practitioner of Western medicine; hence TCM has been seen as an integral part of extending health services in China.[citation needed]
There is some notion that TCM requires supernatural forces
作者：海归草 在 海归茶馆 发贴, 来自【海归网】 http://www.haiguinet.com
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